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What is Free Evolution? Free evolution is the idea that natural processes can cause organisms to evolve over time. This includes the appearance and growth of new species. This has been demonstrated by many examples such as the stickleback fish species that can thrive in saltwater or fresh water and walking stick insect species that prefer particular host plants. These reversible traits are not able to explain fundamental changes to the basic body plan. Evolution through Natural Selection Scientists have been fascinated by the development of all the living organisms that inhabit our planet for many centuries. Charles Darwin's natural selectivity is the best-established explanation. This process occurs when people who are more well-adapted survive and reproduce more than those who are less well-adapted. Over time, a community of well-adapted individuals expands and eventually forms a whole new species. 에볼루션 무료 바카라 is an ongoing process that is characterized by the interaction of three factors including inheritance, variation, and reproduction. Mutation and sexual reproduction increase the genetic diversity of the species. Inheritance is the transfer of a person's genetic characteristics to his or her offspring which includes both recessive and dominant alleles. Reproduction is the process of producing fertile, viable offspring. This can be done via sexual or asexual methods. All of these variables have to be in equilibrium to allow natural selection to take place. For instance, if the dominant allele of the gene allows an organism to live and reproduce more frequently than the recessive one, the dominant allele will be more prominent in the population. However, if the gene confers an unfavorable survival advantage or decreases fertility, it will disappear from the population. The process is self-reinforcing, meaning that a species with a beneficial trait can reproduce and survive longer than one with a maladaptive trait. The more offspring that an organism has the more fit it is which is measured by its ability to reproduce itself and live. People with desirable traits, like the long neck of the giraffe, or bright white patterns on male peacocks are more likely to others to live and reproduce which eventually leads to them becoming the majority. Natural selection is a factor in populations and not on individuals. This is an important distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution, which argues that animals acquire characteristics through use or neglect. If a giraffe expands its neck to reach prey and its neck gets larger, then its offspring will inherit this characteristic. The difference in neck size between generations will increase until the giraffe becomes unable to reproduce with other giraffes. Evolution by Genetic Drift Genetic drift occurs when alleles of the same gene are randomly distributed in a population. At some point, only one of them will be fixed (become common enough that it can no longer be eliminated by natural selection) and the rest of the alleles will drop in frequency. In extreme cases it can lead to a single allele dominance. The other alleles are essentially eliminated, and heterozygosity is reduced to zero. In a small number of people this could lead to the complete elimination the recessive gene. This is known as a bottleneck effect and it is typical of evolutionary process that takes place when a large number of people migrate to form a new population. A phenotypic 'bottleneck' can also occur when survivors of a disaster such as an outbreak or a mass hunting incident are concentrated in an area of a limited size. The survivors will be largely homozygous for the dominant allele meaning that they all share the same phenotype and consequently have the same fitness traits. This situation might be caused by war, an earthquake or even a disease. The genetically distinct population, if it is left vulnerable to genetic drift. Walsh Lewens, Walsh, and Ariew define drift as a deviation from expected values due to differences in fitness. They give the famous example of twins who are genetically identical and share the same phenotype. However, one is struck by lightning and dies, but the other is able to reproduce. This kind of drift can play a significant part in the evolution of an organism. However, it is not the only method to develop. Natural selection is the primary alternative, where mutations and migration maintain the phenotypic diversity of the population. Stephens argues that there is a big difference between treating the phenomenon of drift as a force or as a cause and considering other causes of evolution such as selection, mutation and migration as causes or causes. He argues that a causal-process account of drift allows us distinguish it from other forces, and this distinction is essential. He further argues that drift is both direction, i.e., it tends towards eliminating heterozygosity. It also has a size that is determined by population size. Evolution by Lamarckism When high school students take biology classes, they are frequently introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 – 1829). 무료 에볼루션 of evolution, often referred to as “Lamarckism”, states that simple organisms evolve into more complex organisms through inheriting characteristics that are a product of an organism's use and disuse. Lamarckism is usually illustrated with the image of a giraffe that extends its neck to reach leaves higher up in the trees. This could cause giraffes to give their longer necks to offspring, which then get taller. Lamarck, a French zoologist, presented an idea that was revolutionary in his 17 May 1802 opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged traditional thinking about organic transformation. According to Lamarck, living things evolved from inanimate materials by a series of gradual steps. Lamarck was not the only one to suggest that this might be the case but his reputation is widely regarded as having given the subject its first general and comprehensive analysis. The most popular story is that Charles Darwin's theory on evolution by natural selection and Lamarckism were rivals in the 19th Century. Darwinism ultimately prevailed, leading to what biologists refer to as the Modern Synthesis. The Modern Synthesis theory denies the possibility that acquired traits can be acquired through inheritance and instead, it argues that organisms develop through the action of environmental factors, including natural selection. Lamarck and his contemporaries supported the notion that acquired characters could be passed on to the next generation. However, this concept was never a key element of any of their theories about evolution. This is due to the fact that it was never tested scientifically. But it is now more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and in the age genomics there is a huge body of evidence supporting the heritability of acquired traits. This is often referred to as “neo-Lamarckism” or, more often epigenetic inheritance. This is a version that is just as valid as the popular neodarwinian model. Evolution through adaptation One of the most popular misconceptions about evolution is that it is a result of a kind of struggle for survival. In fact, this view is inaccurate and overlooks the other forces that determine the rate of evolution. The fight for survival can be more precisely described as a fight to survive within a particular environment, which may be a struggle that involves not only other organisms but also the physical environment. Understanding adaptation is important to comprehend evolution. It refers to a specific characteristic that allows an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment. It can be a physiological feature, such as fur or feathers, or a behavioral trait like moving into the shade in hot weather or stepping out at night to avoid the cold. The survival of an organism depends on its ability to extract energy from the surrounding environment and interact with other organisms and their physical environments. The organism must possess the right genes to create offspring, and be able to find enough food and resources. The organism must also be able to reproduce at the rate that is suitable for its niche. These elements, along with gene flow and mutations, can lead to changes in the proportion of different alleles in the gene pool of a population. This shift in the frequency of alleles can lead to the emergence of novel traits and eventually new species over time. A lot of the traits we appreciate in plants and animals are adaptations. For instance, lungs or gills that draw oxygen from air feathers and fur for insulation long legs to run away from predators and camouflage for hiding. To understand the concept of adaptation it is crucial to differentiate between physiological and behavioral traits. Physiological adaptations like thick fur or gills, are physical traits, whereas behavioral adaptations, such as the tendency to seek out companions or to move into the shade in hot weather, aren't. Furthermore it is important to understand that a lack of thought is not a reason to make something an adaptation. In fact, a failure to consider the consequences of a behavior can make it unadaptable even though it appears to be logical or even necessary.